Since 1989, I have been researching academically and professionally, the impacts of human emissions of gases (including carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases) and particles (including black carbon) on air pollution, human health, weather, and climate. Starting in 1999, I began examining in detail clean, renewable energy solutions to these problems. In 2015, this research culminated in the development of roadmaps to transition the all-sector energy infrastructures of each of the 50 United States to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2050, which I have updated as recently as this year (Jacobson et al., 2022a, which includes a link to the tables used to derive all numbers in the paper). The research has also resulted in the development of 100% clean, renewable energy roadmaps for 139 countries of the world (Jacobson et al., 2017a, which also includes a link to spreadsheets). Those roadmaps were updated in 2019 for 143 countries (Jacobson et al., 2019) and in 2022 for 145 countries (Jacobson et al., 2022b). Grid stability analyses with 100% clean, renewable energy were performed for the 48 contiguous United States in Jacobson et al. (2015b; 2022a), for 20 world regions containing 139 countries in Jacobson et al. (2018), for 24 world regions containing 143 countries in Jacobson et al. (2019), and for 24 world regions containing 145 countries in Jacobson et al. (2022b) assuming those states and countries are converted to 100% clean, renewable energy and storage for all purposes. I have also written a textbook entitled, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, published by Cambridge University Press in 2020.
The individual state roadmaps were the primary scientific justifications for laws or Executive Orders in 16 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, and laws or policies in 180 U.S. cities to transition to up to 100% clean, renewable electricity. They have also provided the scientific justifications for proposed federal legislation in the United States for clean, renewable energy that have not yet been adopted. I carried out this research, analysis, and clean, renewable energy roadmap development primarily with Dr. Mark Delucchi at U.C. Berkeley, but also with several other experts and students.